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Battle of Rhone Crossing
The Battle of the Rhône Crossing took place during the Second Punic War. The Carthaginian army under Hannibal Barca, while marching to Italy in the autumn of 218 BC, fought an army of the gallic Volcae tribe on the east bank of the Rhone River possibly near Aurasio. The pro-Roman Volcae, acting on behalf of a Roman army camped on the east bank near Massalia, intended to prevent the Carthaginians from crossing and invading Italy. Devising a plan to circumvent the Volcae, the Carthaginians, before crossing the river to attack the Gauls, had sent a detachment upriver under Hanno, son of Bomilcar, to cross at a different point and take position behind the Gauls. Hannibal led the main army across after Hanno sent smoke signals saying that the ambush was in place. As the Gauls massed to oppose Hannibal’s force, Hanno attacked them from behind and routed their army. Although the battle was not fought against a Roman army, the result of the battle had a profound effect on the war. Had the Carthaginians been prevented from crossing the Rhone, the 218 invasion of Italy might not have taken place. This is the first major battle that Hannibal fought outside the Iberian Peninsula.
==Roman preparations==
Both Carthage and Rome were in the process of mobilizing their resources for the coming conflict. Hannibal directed the Punic effort, while the Roman Senate decided on the Roman deployment of forces.
The Roman navy had already been mobilized by 218 BC, having launched 220 quinqueremes,〔Lazenby (1998) p. 31, based on the 160 + 60 that transported Roman troops in 218 mentioned in Polybius ''Histories'' III.41. Livy on the other hand says the Senate voted the launching of 225 banked ships and 20 light galleys, ''History of Rome'' XXI.17.〕 perhaps for the Second Illyrian War during 220/219 BC. Consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus had received two legions (8,000 infantry and 600 cavalry) plus 16,000 allied infantry and 1,800 allied cavalry and instructions to sail for Sicily in 160 great warships and 12 light galleys and from there to Africa provided the other consul could keep Hannibal out of Italy. (He never got to Africa.) Publius Cornelius Scipio received two legions of the same number of infantry and cavalry plus 14,000 allied infantry and 1,600 allied cavalry with 65 banked ships for transport. Lucius Manlius was given two legions with 10,000 allied infantry and 1,000 cavalry.〔Livy ''History of Rome'' XXI.17.〕 Gauls of the Boii and Insubres tribes in northern Italy had attacked the settlers intended to build the Roman colonies of Placentia and Cremona, and had penned them and a small Roman relief force in Mutina. One of the two legions originally intended for Scipio (along with an allied detachment) was diverted for the relief of Mutina under the Praetor Lucius Manlius Vulso and for the building of the colonies, which were to be walled castra. (Just in time, as Scipio had to fall back on Placentia after the Battle of Ticinus and on Cremona after the Battle of the Trebbia.) A fresh legion (together with a contingent of allied troops) was raised to replace this detachment, delaying Scipio's departure.
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